Motion Feedback: Rotary Encoder Selection

Consider accuracy, position or velocity control, speed stability, power loss, and bandwidth, and other attributes when selecting a rotary encoder or encoder technology.

Tom Wyatt, Heidenhain

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Controlled servo drives are used in many areas of automation technology, converting, printing, handling, and robotics including production machines and machine tools. The selection of a rotary encoder or encoder technology for use within the system depends on the accuracy requirements of the application, whether it is position and/or velocity control.

Before making an encoder decision, an engineer should examine all major encoder properties that have the largest influence on important motor performance, including:

• Positioning accuracy
• Speed stability
• Audible noise, as little as possible
• Power loss
• Bandwidth, which determines drive command-signal response

Positioning accuracy

Positioning accuracy depends solely on the application requirements. Most resolvers, for example, have one signal period per revolution. Therefore, the position resolution is extremely limited and the accuracy typically is in the range of ~ ±500” (Arc seconds), assuming interpolation in the drive electronics usually results in a total of 16,384 positions per revolution.

On the other hand, an inductive scanning system as found in many rotary encoders will provide significantly higher resolution, typically in the range of 32 signal periods per revolution resulting in an accuracy of ~ ±280”. The interpolation in this case is internal to the encoder resulting in 131,072 positions per revolution.

Optical rotary encoders are based on very fine graduations commonly with 2,048 signal periods per revolution and therefore even much higher resolutions are possible with internal interpolation electronics. The output resolution here is 25-bits, 33,554,432 absolute positions per revolution with accuracies in the range of ~ ±20”.

Speed stability

To ensure smooth drive performance, an encoder must provide a large number of measuring steps per revolution as the first piece of the puzzle. However, an engineer must also pay attention to the quality of the encoder signals. To achieve the high resolution required, the scanning signals must be interpolated. Inadequate scanning, contamination of the measuring standard, and insufficient signal conditioning can lead to the signals deviating from the ideal shape. During interpolation, errors then occur whose periodic cycle is within one signal period. Therefore, these position errors within one signal period are also referred to as “interpolation error.” With high-quality encoders, these errors are typically 1% to 2% of the signal period. (See Figures 1 and 2.)

The interpolation error adversely affects the positioning accuracy, and also significantly degrades the speed stability and audible noise behavior of the drive. The speed controller calculates the nominal currents used to brake or accelerate the drive depending on the error curve. At low feed rates, the feed drive lags the interpolation error. At increasing speeds, the frequency of the interpolation error also increases. Since the motor can only follow the error within the control bandwidth, its effect on the speed stability behavior decreases as the speed increases. However, the disturbances in the motor current continue to increase, which leads to disturbing noises in the drive at high control-loop gains.

Higher resolutions and accuracies also reduce disturbances in the motor current in the way of heat generation and power loss. The chart compares three scanning technologies and the resulting current draw.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth (relative to command response and control reliability) can be limited by the rigidity of the coupling between the motor shaft and encoder shaft as well as by the natural frequency of the coupling. Encoders are qualified to operate within a specified acceleration range. Values typically range from 55 Hz to 2,000 Hz. However, if the application or poor mounting cause long-lasting resonant vibration, it will limit performance and possibly damage the encoder.

Natural frequencies vary depending on the stator coupling design. This frequency needs to be as high as possible for optimal performance.

The key is to ensure that the bearing of the encoder and the bearing of the motor are as close to perfect alignment as possible. The illustration shows how this is accomplished. The matching tapers of the motor shaft and encoder ensure near perfect alignment to the centerline.

This mechanical configuration will result in a holding torque approximately 4x greater than a standard hollow shaft encoder with a 2-mounting tab stator coupling (below). This will increase the bearing life of the encoder and provide exceptional natural frequency / acceleration properties. Additionally, this configuration will virtually eliminate any limits on the bandwidth of the drive.

Many factors influence the selection of an appropriate rotary encoder for use in controlled servo drives. And while positioning accuracy requirements are paramount in the consideration process, it is important to know how other properties can and will influence the application, such as speed stability, noise, possible power loss, and bandwidth. A good fit from the start will provide positive performance in the motor/drive system in the end.

Tom Wyatt is Heidenhain Automation Division Manager, North America, www.heidenhain.us.