Researchers developing microlasers for security, medical applications

Researchers at MIT and Sandia National Laboratories have developed a way to build terahertz lasers that could reduce their power consumption and size while also enabling them to emit tighter beams for security and medical applications.

By Larry Hardesty, MIT News Office July 14, 2016

Terahertz radiation—the band of electromagnetic radiation between microwaves and visible light—has promising applications in security and medical diagnostics, but these devices will require the development of compact, low-power, high-quality terahertz lasers.

Researchers at MIT and Sandia National Laboratories have developed a way to build terahertz lasers that could reduce their power consumption and size while also enabling them to emit tighter beams, which is a crucial requirement for most practical applications.

The work also represents a fundamentally new approach to laser design, which could have ramifications for visible-light lasers as well.

The researchers’ device is an array of 37 microfabricated lasers on a single chip. Its power requirements are so low because the radiation emitted by all of the lasers is "phase locked," meaning that the troughs and crests of its waves are perfectly aligned. The device represents a fundamentally new way to phase-lock arrays of lasers.

In their paper, the researchers identified four previous phase-locking techniques, but all have drawbacks at the microscale. Some require positioning photonic components so closely together that they’d be difficult to manufacture. Others require additional off-chip photonic components that would have to be precisely positioned relative to the lasers. This array, by contrast, is monolithic, meaning they’re etched entirely from a single block of material.

"This whole work is inspired by antenna engineering technology," said Qing Hu, a distinguished professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, whose group led the new work. "We’re working on lasers, and usually people compartmentalize that as photonics. And microwave engineering is really a different community, and they have a very different mindset. We really were inspired by microwave-engineer technology in a very thoughtful way and achieved something that is totally conceptually new."

Staying focused

The researchers’ laser array is based on the same principle that underlies broadcast TV and radio. An electrical current passing through a radio antenna produces an electromagnetic field, and the electromagnetic field induces a corresponding current in nearby antennas. In Hu and his colleagues’ array, each laser generates an electromagnetic field that induces a current in the lasers around it, which synchronizes the phase of the radiation they emit.

This approach exploits what had previously been seen as a drawback in small lasers. Chip-scale lasers have been an active area of research for decades, for potential applications in chip-to-chip communication inside computers and in environmental and biochemical sensing. But as the dimensions of a laser shrink, the radiation the laser emits becomes more diffuse. "This is nothing like a laser-beam pointer," Hu said. "It really radiates everywhere, like a tiny antenna."

If a chip-scale laser is intended to emit radiation in one direction, then any radiation it emits in lateral directions is wasted and increases its power consumption. But Hu and his colleagues’ design recaptures that laterally emitted radiation.

In fact, the more emitters they add to their array, the more laterally emitted radiation is recaptured, lowering the power threshold at which the array will produce laser light. And because the laterally emitted radiation can travel long distances, similar benefits should accrue as the arrays grow even larger.

"I’m a firm believer that all physical phenomena can be pros or cons," Hu said. "You can’t just say unequivocally that such-and-such a behavior is universally a good or bad thing."

Tightening up

In large part, the energy from the recaptured lateral radiation is re-emitted in the direction perpendicular to the array. So the beam emitted by the array is much tighter than that emitted by other experimental chip-scale lasers. And a tight beam is essential for most envisioned applications of terahertz radiation.

In security applications, for instance, terahertz radiation would be directed at a chemical sample, which would absorb some frequencies more than others, producing a characteristic absorption fingerprint. The tighter the beam, the more radiation reaches both the sample and, subsequently, a detector, yielding a clearer signal.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Music tech | MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

– Edited by Chris Vavra, production editor, Control Engineering, CFE Media, 
cvavra@cfemedia.com. See more Control Engineering energy and power stories.