Chris Hudson

Chris Hudson is lead project engineer at Applied Control Engineering, Inc.

Articles

Control Systems December 10, 2022

Five control system design challenges for developing wave energy converter

Wave energy has a lot of potential for renewable energy, but developing a sustainable and efficient project for a power company had several challenges that needed to be overcome.

By Chris Hudson

All Articles

img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display:inline !important;border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;height:1em !important;width:1em !important;margin:0 .07em !important;vertical-align:-.1em !important;background:none !important;padding:0 !important;}.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em;}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;}:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square:1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3:4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4:3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2:3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3:2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9:16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16:9/16;--wp--preset--color--black:#000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray:#abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white:#fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink:#f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red:#cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange:#ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber:#fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan:#7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan:#00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue:#8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue:#0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple:#9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,#9b51e0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan:linear-gradient(135deg,#7adcb4 0%,#00d082 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,#cf2e2e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray:linear-gradient(135deg,#eee 0%,#a9b8c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum:linear-gradient(135deg,#4aeadc 0%,#9778d1 20%,#cf2aba 40%,#ee2c82 60%,#fb6962 80%,#fef84c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffceec 0%,#9896f0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux:linear-gradient(135deg,#fecda5 0%,#fe2d2d 50%,#6b003e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffcb70 0%,#c751c0 50%,#4158d0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean:linear-gradient(135deg,#fff5cb 0%,#b6e3d4 50%,#33a7b5 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass:linear-gradient(135deg,#caf880 0%,#71ce7e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381 0%,#2874fc 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small:13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium:20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large:36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large:42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20:.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30:.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40:1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50:1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60:2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70:3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80:5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural:6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep:12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined:6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap:.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap:.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display:flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*,div){margin:0;}body .is-layout-grid{display:grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*,div){margin:0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap:1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap:1.25em;}.has-black-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap:1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap:1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap:2em;}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.6;}.mejs-container:has(.plyr){height:auto;background:transparent;}.mejs-container:has(.plyr) .mejs-controls{display:none;}.h5ap_all{--shadow-color:197deg 32% 65%;border-radius:6px;box-shadow:0px 0px 9.6px hsl(var(--shadow-color),.36),0 1.7px 1.9px 0px hsl(var(--shadow-color),.36),0 4.3px 1.8px -1.7px hsl(var(--shadow-color),.36),-.1px 10.6px 11.9px -2.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color),.36);margin:16px auto;}span.h5ap_single_button{background:#000;width:50px;height:50px;border-radius:50px;}span#h5ap_single_button span svg{fill:#fff !important;cursor:pointer;}span.h5ap_single_button span svg{height:25px;width:25px;}#skin_default .plyr__control,#skin_default .plyr__time{color:#4f5b5f;}#skin_default .plyr__control:hover{background:#1aafff;color:#f5f5f5;}#skin_default .plyr__controls{background:#f5f5f5;}#skin_default .plyr__controls__item input{color:#1aafff;}.plyr{--plyr-color-main:#4f5b5f;}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *{background-image:none !important;}@media screen and (max-height: 1024px){.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *{background-image:none !important;}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload).nitro-lazy,.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}}@media screen and (max-height: 640px){.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *{background-image:none !important;}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload).nitro-lazy,.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}}.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload).nitro-lazy,.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) *.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.more-resources{padding:0 !important;}.more-resources li::after{content:"";float:left;width:6px;height:6px;background-color:#232323;margin:12px 10px 0px 10px;border-radius:50%;}.more-resources li:hover a{color:#0b72ba !important;}.inPage-header--lft h3{margin-top:0;padding:9px 30px 9px 15px;height:auto;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#0b72ba,#0950a4);float:left;display:inline-block;font-family:"Oswald";font-weight:400;color:white;max-width:500px;width:60%;-webkit-clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,92% 100%,0% 100%);clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,92% 100%,0% 100%);min-width:320px;}.inPage-header--rt h3{margin-top:25px;padding:9px 15px 9px 15px;height:auto;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#0b72ba,#0950a4);float:right;font-family:"Oswald";font-weight:400;color:white;max-width:500px;width:70%;min-width:360px;-webkit-clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,100% 100%,9% 100%);clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,100% 100%,9% 100%);text-align:right;}.CE-news.subscribe-newsletter a:hover{background-color:#0b72ba;color:white !important;border:none !important;}.CE-news.view-newsletter a h4:hover{color:#0b72ba !important;}.m2e{text-decoration:none;font-size:24px;font-family:"Roboto";text-align:center;display:inline-block;margin:auto;border:solid 1px #232323;padding:5px 15px;color:#232323 !important;}.m2e:hover{background-color:#232323;color:white !important;-moz-transition:all .2s ease-in;-o-transition:all .2s ease-in;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in;transition:all .2s ease-in;}@media screen and (max-width:991px){.giants-img--container,.giants-text{width:100% !important;margin:15px !important;}.audience-connect{width:50% !important;}.audience-connect h4{font-size:24px;}.audience-connect img{max-width:180px;}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.subscribe-newsletter,.view-newsletter{width:100% !important;float:left;}}@media screen and (max-width: 600px){.more-resources li a{margin-bottom:10px !important;}.more-resources li::after{content:"";float:left;width:4px;height:4px !important;background-color:#232323;margin:12px 5px 0px 5px !important;border-radius:50%;}.more-resources{display:block !important;}.more-resources li::after{display:none;}.more-resources li{width:100%;display:block !important;}}@media screen and (max-width:531px){.audience-main{width:260px;display:block;margin:auto;}.audience-numbers{float:none !important;width:260px !important;display:block;margin:auto !important;}.reg-divs{width:100% !important;float:left;}}@media screen and (max-width: 400px){}.personalization{width:300px;border-top:3px solid #0b72ba;padding-top:4px;border-bottom:3px solid #0b72ba;}.personalization .img{border-top:1px solid #0b72ba;width:100%;padding-top:15px;}.personalization img{max-width:275px;width:100%;margin:auto;display:block;}.personalization .intro-text{text-align:center;margin:15px 40px;}.personalization .object-title{font-size:24px;font-family:"Playfair Display";text-align:center;margin:20px 20px 30px 20px;color:#0b72ba;font-weight:500;}.personalization .reminder-text{font-family:"Roboto";font-size:12px;text-align:center;margin-top:15px;color:#0b72ba;font-style:italic;}.personalization .cta-btn{width:125px;background-color:#0b72ba;padding:15px 10px;text-align:center;color:white;border-radius:5px;margin:15px auto;margin-bottom:30px;}.personalization .cta-btn a{text-align:center;color:white;}.personalization-two{width:300px;border-top:3px solid #0b72ba;padding-top:4px;border-bottom:3px solid #0b72ba;}.personalization-two .intro-text{text-align:center;border-top:1px solid #0b72ba;padding-top:15px;}.personalization-two .object-title{font-size:24px;font-family:"Playfair Display";text-align:center;margin:20px 20px 30px 20px;color:#0b72ba;font-weight:500;}.personalization-two .reminder-text{font-family:"Roboto";font-size:12px;text-align:center;margin-top:15px;color:#0b72ba;font-style:italic;}.personalization-two .cta-btn{width:125px;background-color:#0b72ba;padding:15px 10px;text-align:center;color:white;border-radius:5px;margin:15px auto;margin-bottom:30px;}.personalization-two .cta-btn a{text-align:center;color:white;}.no-frame{border:none !important;}#personalization-top iframe{display:block;margin:auto;}#olyticsPopup{bottom:10px;top:unset !important;}#olyticsModal{max-width:unset !important;background-color:transparent !important;box-shadow:none !important;}#metered{border:none !important;}@media screen and (max-width:768px){#metered{width:100% !important;height:375px !important;}}.personalization-alert{background-color:white;color:#0b72ba !important;}.personalization-alert-link{color:#0b72ba !important;border:1px solid #0b72ba;}.flex-container{display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:space-around;}@media screen and (max-width: 768px){.main-left{min-width:auto !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 669px){.audience-wrapper{width:100% !important;}}.bottom-dot{border-bottom:2px dotted #999;margin-bottom:25px;padding-bottom:25px;}.hexagon img{float:left;height:115px;width:119px;}.hexagon{width:120px;float:left;}.statistics{width:calc(100% - 120px);float:left;margin-left:-10px;}.audience-wrapper{width:33.333%;float:left;min-width:210px;max-width:257.33px;}.audience,.audience-bottom{width:100%;float:left;}.audience-bottom .statistics{margin-left:0px;margin-right:-8px;}.audience-bottom .bottom{margin-left:15px;}.audience-bottom .top{height:69px;}.statistics div{float:left;width:100%;}.audience-bottom{margin-top:-108px;margin-left:19px;height:115px;}.audience-bottom .statistics p{text-align:left;margin-top:-10px;}.audience-bottom .hexagon,.audience-bottom .statistics{float:right !important;}.statistics p{font-size:11px;font-family:"Roboto";font-weight:400;float:left;text-align:right;width:100%;margin:0 0 5px 0;}.top{height:25px;}.bottom{height:16px;background-color:white;}.hex-border{height:2px;}.vac-data{position:relative;left:0px;width:115px;text-align:center;top:-80px;}.data,.label{margin:0px;font-family:"Roboto";font-weight:400;}.data{font-size:20px;margin-top:20px;}.label{font-size:15px;}.left .audience p{color:#043e65;}.left .audience-bottom p{color:#4a97cc;}.middle .audience p{color:#0766a9;}.middle .audience-bottom p{color:#6fc1ef;}.right .audience p{color:#065287;}.right .audience-bottom p{color:#4a97cc;}.left .audience .hex-border{background-color:#043e65;}.left .audience-bottom .hex-border{background-color:#4a97cc;}.middle .audience .hex-border{background-color:#0766a9;}.middle .audience-bottom .hex-border{background-color:#6fc1ef;}.right .audience .hex-border{background-color:#065287;}.right .audience-bottom .hex-border{background-color:#4a97cc;}.middle,.right{margin-left:-7px;}.no-marg{margin:0 !important;}.reg-divs p{display:none;}.inPage-header--lft{float:left;width:100%;}.inPage-header--rt{float:right;width:100%;}.more-resources li a::after{float:left;width:6px;height:6px;background-color:#232323;}.newsletter-wrapper{width:100%;display:block;max-width:820px;margin:30px auto;}.newsletter-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.newsletter-items{column-count:2;column-gap:15px;list-style:none;padding:0;}.newsletter-item{height:354px;border:1px solid #e4e4e4;}.newsletter-header{background-size:cover;height:118px;display:flex;align-items:end;}.covi{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_C19.jpg");}.covi.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.oge{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_OGE.jpg");}.oge.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.ee{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_E4E.jpg");}.ee.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.iiot{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_IIOT.jpg");}.iiot.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.pis{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_PIS.jpg");}.pis.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.ic{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_IC.jpg");}.ic.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.mc{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_MC.jpg");}.mc.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.pm{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_PM.jpg");}.pm.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.sc{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_SC.jpg");}.sc.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.si{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_SI.jpg");}.si.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.wc{background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-7b1a883/cfemedia1.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CE_WP.jpg");}.wc.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.newsletter-header h3{color:white;font-size:28px;font-family:"Oswald";line-height:28px;font-weight:500;margin:0 15px 15px 15px;}.newsletter-content{height:172px;width:100%;display:flex;}.newsletter-content p{margin:30px;color:#212121;font-family:"Roboto";font-weight:300;font-size:16px;}.divider{width:100%;display:flex;height:5px;}.divider svg{display:block;}.newsletter-footer{height:55px;display:flex;}.newsletter-footer .link-wrapper{margin:14px 30px;display:block;width:100%;}.link-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:center;}.link-wrapper div{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.link-wrapper .button{height:28px;padding:0 20px;font-size:18px;font-family:"Roboto";border:1px solid #212121;background-color:white;cursor:pointer;line-height:28px;}.double-arrow{height:20px !important;display:block;float:left;margin-right:5px;}.newsletter-footer div a{font-family:"Oswald";text-decoration:none;padding-top:3px;color:#212121;}.view-btn{display:inline;font-family:"Oswald";font-size:20px;margin:0;padding:0;line-height:20px;color:#212121;}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.newsletter-items{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;}.newsletter-item{margin-top:30px;}}#olyticsPopup{bottom:140px !important;background-color:transparent !important;border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;max-width:none !important;left:-10px;}.shadowBox{-webkit-box-shadow:0px 0px 19px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.75);-moz-box-shadow:0px 0px 19px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.75);box-shadow:0px 0px 19px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.olyticsBandBR{position:absolute;right:34px;top:50px;height:36px;z-index:305;opacity:0;cursor:pointer;}.per_715 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_716 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_746 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_745 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_744 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_743 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_742 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_741 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_740 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_739 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_738 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_737 .close-olyticsmodal,.per_736 .close-olyticsmodal{z-index:3000 !important;top:4px !important;right:13px !important;height:40px !important;width:40px !important;background-color:black;opacity:0 !important;}.learn-obj ul{list-style:none;}.learn-obj li::before{content:"•";font-size:18px;margin-right:5px;line-height:1.3;}.per_281,.per_527{min-width:100%;padding:0 !important;}.inline-me{display:inline-block !important;}.per_477 .close-persistent-barwhite{position:absolute;top:10px;right:10px;box-sizing:content-box;cursor:pointer;opacity:0;}.contribute-link-container{font-size:12px;font-style:italic;margin-top:15px;display:block;float:left;padding-top:25px;border-top:1px #e4e4e4 solid;}.singlePost__content img{display:block;max-width:100% !important;height:auto;margin:auto;}.per_483.olyticsmodal a.close-olyticsmodal{z-index:300;top:16px;right:35px;height:50px;width:50px;opacity:0;}.contribute-link-container,#breadcrumbs,.singlePost__content p,.authorInfo__bio,.wp-caption-text,.singlePost__author{font-size:16px !important;}@media screen and (max-width:991px){.postCard__author{display:none;}}@media screen and (max-width: 991px){#breadcrumbs li span,#breadcrumbs li{line-height:42px;}.relatedArticles__list li{line-height:2.4;}}.authorInfo{border-top:1px #e4e4e4 solid;border-bottom:1px #e4e4e4 solid;}.authorInfo__avatar,.authorInfo__content{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;}.authorInfo__avatar{width:100px;height:100px;}.authorInfo__avatar img{object-fit:cover;width:100px;height:100px;object-position:top;}.authorInfo__content{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.authorInfo__name a{color:#232323;text-decoration:none;font-family:"Roboto",sans-serif;}.singlePost__author a:hover,.authorInfo__name a:hover{color:#0b72ba;text-decoration:underline;}.author__page .authorInfo__avatar{margin:25px auto;}.author__page h1,.author__page p{text-align:center;}.author__page li{list-style:none;height:20px;width:20px;margin:10px;}.author-social{display:flex;justify-content:center;height:60px;margin-bottom:0;}.author-social ul{display:flex;margin:0;padding:0;}.author-social ul li:hover svg{fill:#0b72ba;}.author__page h3{font-weight:300;border-top:1px solid #232323;padding-top:15px;}.author__page .postCard__media,.author__page .postCard__author{display:none;}.author__page .all-articles{text-align:center;padding-bottom:25px;}.author__page .postCard__excerpt{text-align:left;}.author__page .view-all-author{padding:10px 25px;border:1px solid #232323;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;color:#232323;}.author__page .view-all-author:hover{padding:10px 25px;border:1px solid #0b72ba;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;color:#0b72ba;}.author__page .postCard__content{border:none;}.page-id-56932 .singlePost__title{display:none;}.nosell{font-family:"Roboto","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:300;text-align:center;}.yas5{position:relative;margin:30px auto;display:block;width:305px;height:277px;}.yas5 .All{position:absolute;background:white;width:100%;height:100%;}.yas5 .svgWrapper{position:absolute;position:absolute;width:305px;height:277px;top:0px;left:0px;}.yas5 .tickC{position:absolute;fill:none;stroke:#0b72ba;stroke-width:5;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-dasharray:304;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation-name:yatickC0;animation-duration:490ms;animation-delay:1368ms;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94);animation-fill-mode:both;}@keyframes yatickC0{0%{animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1);stroke-dashoffset:304;}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;stroke-dashoffset:0;}}.yas5 .tick-B{position:absolute;fill:none;stroke:aquamarine;stroke-width:5;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-dasharray:304;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation-name:yatick-B0;animation-duration:492ms;animation-delay:1237ms;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94);animation-fill-mode:both;}@keyframes yatick-B0{0%{animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1);stroke-dashoffset:304;}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;stroke-dashoffset:0;}}.yas5 .tick-gray{position:absolute;fill:none;stroke:#ececec;stroke-width:5;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-dasharray:304;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation-name:yatick-gray0;animation-duration:476ms;animation-delay:1037ms;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94);animation-fill-mode:both;}@keyframes yatick-gray0{0%{animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1);stroke-dashoffset:304;}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;stroke-dashoffset:0;}}.yas5 .circleDarkBlue{position:absolute;fill:none;stroke:#0b72ba;stroke-width:5;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;transform-origin:138px 138px;stroke-dasharray:675;animation-name:yacircleDarkBlue0,yacircleDarkBlue1;animation-duration:1017ms,1029ms;animation-delay:570ms,578ms;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94),cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94);animation-fill-mode:both,both;}@keyframes yacircleDarkBlue0{0%{animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1);transform:rotate(-180deg);}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;transform:rotate(0deg);}}@keyframes yacircleDarkBlue1{0%{animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;stroke-dashoffset:-675;}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;stroke-dashoffset:0;}}.yas5 .circleLightBlue{position:absolute;fill:none;stroke:aquamarine;stroke-width:5;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;transform-origin:138px 138px;stroke-dasharray:675;animation-name:yacircleLightBlue0,yacircleLightBlue1;animation-duration:1017ms,1029ms;animation-delay:359ms,357ms;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94),cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94);animation-fill-mode:both,both;}@keyframes yacircleLightBlue0{0%{animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1);transform:rotate(-180deg);}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;transform:rotate(0deg);}}@keyframes yacircleLightBlue1{0%{animation-timing-function:ease-out;stroke-dashoffset:-675;}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;stroke-dashoffset:0;}}.yas5 .circleGray{position:absolute;fill:none;stroke:#ececec;stroke-width:5;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;transform-origin:138px 138px;stroke-dasharray:675;animation-name:yacircleGray0,yacircleGray1;animation-duration:1017ms,1029ms;animation-delay:128ms,128ms;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94),cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94);animation-fill-mode:both,both;}@keyframes yacircleGray0{0%{animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1);transform:rotate(-180deg);}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;transform:rotate(0deg);}}@keyframes yacircleGray1{0%{animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;stroke-dashoffset:-675;}100%{animation-timing-function:linear;stroke-dashoffset:0;}}.olyticsmodal.per_770 a.close-olyticsmodal{margin-top:30px !important;height:32px !important;width:32px !important;right:40px !important;top:-10px !important;opacity:0 !important;}.bcs-caption-image img{max-width:128px !important;max-height:80px !important;margin-right:10px !important;padding-top:2px !important;}#olyticsPopup.per_775{background-color:white !important;}.olyticsmodal.per_781 a.close-olyticsmodal{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;top:20px;right:33px;display:block;width:25px;height:25px;text-indent:-9999px;background-size:25px 25px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;background-image:url("https://cdn-fjjdg.nitrocdn.com/EvUiFcmIZmdwYVghMNwzGtDLNxywSmVk/assets/images/optimized/rev-4c62fc0/olytics.omeda.com/olytics/img/xclose.png");}.olyticsmodal.per_781 a.close-olyticsmodal.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.single-ebook .frame__primary{display:flex;flex-direction:row;}.ebook_content{max-width:55%;margin-right:50px;}#gform_wrapper_1{padding:30px;background-color:#e3e3e3;margin-top:25px;border-top-right-radius:75px;}@media screen and (max-width: 1024px){.ebook_content,.ebook_form{min-width:100% !important;max-width:unset !important;margin-right:0px;}.single-ebook .frame__primary{display:block !important;}}.ebook_content .magazineEditionList::before{content:"Sponsored By:";display:block;float:left;width:100%;height:15px;color:black;text-align:left;font-weight:300;font-size:16px;line-height:1.3;font-family:"Roboto",sans-serif;margin-bottom:15px;}.magazineEdition__image img{padding-right:20px;max-height:40px;}.ebook_content .magazineEditionList{margin-top:50px;display:block;float:left;width:100%;}.ebook_content .magazineEditionList a{border:none;padding:0;display:block;float:left;margin:0 15px 15px 0;}.ebook_content .magazineEditionList a span{width:100%;height:auto;padding:0 !important;border:none;display:block;float:left;}.ebook_content .divider,.ebook_content .sectionHeading{display:none;}.ebook_content p,.ebook_content li{font-size:14px !important;}.ebook_form select::placeholder{color:red !important;}.ebook_form{margin-top:50px;}.ebook_form input#gform_submit_button_1{width:100%;}.ginput_container_select::after{content:"State/Province";font-size:13px;padding-top:10px;display:block;color:#112337 !important;}body .gform_wrapper .gform_body .gform_fields .gfield select{color:#112337;cursor:pointer !important;}#input_1_44_3_container{inline-size:100%;}.ebook_form input#gform_submit_button_1{background:linear-gradient(227deg,#0b72ba,#14cbb0);background-size:400% 400%;-webkit-animation:AnimationName 30s ease infinite;animation:AnimationName 10s ease infinite;}@-webkit-keyframes AnimationName{0%{background-position:0% 97%;}50%{background-position:100% 4%;}100%{background-position:0% 97%;}}@keyframes AnimationName{0%{background-position:0% 97%;}50%{background-position:100% 4%;}100%{background-position:0% 97%;}}.single-ebook .frame__primary.no-gravity{display:flex;flex-direction:column;}.terms{font-size:9px;color:#666;font-style:italic;}.terms a{font-size:9px;color:#666 !important;font-style:italic;}